Role of macro and micro nutrients in cognitive function

Abstract

The importance of proper food and nutrition has increased over time and the lack of it has been linked with causes of many diseases. This has been a topic of continuous research and one of the primary organs that is affected by nutrition is the human brain. Obesity, acute high-fat food intake, poor early-life diet; any one can trigger an inflammatory response in peripheral immune cells and /or affect the blood–brain interface and circulating molecules that control the state of brain. Blood (carrying antibodies), lymphatic pathways and peripheral pro-inflammatory chemicals can activate brain immune cells (microglia). Either sensitizing or activating microglia may prompt synthesis of complex pro-inflammatory molecules like interleukin-1beta (IL1-β), IL-6, and Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF- α) in brain that are known to influence cognition and emotions. An increased inflammation in these areas can affect normal functioning, resulting in memory loss and/or depressive mood tendencies. By modulating peripheral and central immune cell activity, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), flavonoids, tannic acid, ellagitannin, and a positive early life environment (appropriate nutrition and lack of severe stress or adversity) might avoid these unfavourable consequences.